Correspondence Schools — 


SGRANTON, PA. 


INSTRUCTION PAPER 


WITH EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 


oe Property af the Dap af 


2g aS 


Uist at if iis arse: 
PIPES AND FITTINGS 


744 


INTERNATIONAL TEXTBOOK COMPANY 
SCRANTON, PA. 


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Copyright, 1905, by INTERNATIONAL TEXTBOOK COMPANY, Entered at Sta- 
tioners’ Hall, London: All rights reserved. Printed in the United States. 


Property of the Den’t of 
Municipal and Sanitary Engineering, 
University of tlinois, 


PIPES AND FITTINGS 


PIPES 


WROUGHT-IRON PIPE 


INTRODUCTION 


1. In the erection of steam-heating apparatus, pipes and 
various fittings having a shape suitable for the requirements 
are used. The fittings are made of cast iron, brass, malle- 
able iron, and steel castings, tapped or otherwise finished 
to connect the pipes together. The pipes used in most of 
the work are of wrought iron or steel. 


2. For connecting pipes to the fittings, screw threads 
are generally used. These threads have a standard number 
of threads to the inch for different sizes of wrought-iron and 
steel pipe, and the fittings are tapped with threads to suit 
the thread of the pipe. The threads are made with a slight 
taper, the thread in cutting starting with a small groove, 
increasing in depth until a full thread is cut. They are 

usually made right hand; that is, the pipe in screwing into 

‘\ the fitting is turned to the right. Left-hand threads are 
“also used on pipe and in fittings; in buying pipe, the left- 
hand thread must be specially ordered, as the regular pipe 
on the market is threaded only right hand. 


For notice of copyright, see page immediately following the title page. 


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§ 22 PIPES AND FITTINGS 3 


STANDARD WROUGHT-IRON PIPE 

3. Standard wrought-iron pipe is made in the sizes 
and weights shown in Table I. A large amount of steel 
- pipe is made, and sometimes sold as wrought-iron pipe. Its 
general appearance is the same as that of wrought-iron pipe, 
but on close examination the grain of the metal will show a 
finer fiber than wrought iron. Steel pipe can also be distin- 
guished by threading it with the dies, as the closer grain and 
tendency to unevenness in its composition cause the threads 
to chip and break, while the wrought-iron pipe has a malle- 
ability that allows perfect threading. The pipe is sold in 
lengths averaging about 18 to 20 feet. The small sizes are 
shipped in bundles convenient for handling. All pipe from 
4 inch to 14 inches nominal diameter is butt-welded, and all 
pipes 1$ inches in diameter and larger are lap-welded. The 
standard weight pipe is tested by hydraulic pressure to 
300 pounds per square inch for the butt-welded sizes, and 
to 500 pounds pressure for the lap-welded sizes. The safe- 
working pressure for standard -pipe is about 100 pounds per 
square inch; this allows a fair margin of safety to provide 
for deterioration of the structure of the metal, by expan- 
sion and contraction, and for corrosion. 


EXTRA-~STRONG WROUGHT-IRON PIPE 

4, Extra-stronge wrought-iron pipe has the same 
external dimensions as the standard pipe; the wall of the pipe 
is made heavier, which reduces the size of the bore. This 
should be taken into account where pipe of a stated size is 
required. Extra-strong pipe is always shipped without 
threads or couplings, unless otherwise ordered. This pipe 
is used for high steam pressures and for heavy pressures in 
hydraulic work. Its sizes and weights are given in Table II. 


- DOUBLE EXTRA-STRONG WROUGHT-IRON PIPE 
5. Double extra-strong wrought-iron pipe has a 
thicker wall than extra-heavy tubing. Its external diam- 
eter, however, is the same as that of standard wrought-iron 


PIPES AND FIPTINGs 


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6 _ PIPES AND FITTINGS § 22 


pipe. Double extra-strong pipe is always shipped without 
threads and couplings unless otherwise ordered. Its sizes 
and weights are given in Table III. 


BOILER TUBES 


6. Boiler tubes, sometimes called outside-diameter 
pipes, are usually made of charcoal iron; they are lap-welded 
and have a high tensile strength coupled with a ductility 
that enables the ends of the tubes to be expanded into the 
boiler plates, such as the crown sheets and tube sheets, and 
beaded over. Steel boiler tubes are made to the same 
dimensions; formerly the wrought-iron tubes gave better 
results, as the average steel tube was liable to contain carbon 
patches that soon rusted and thus caused the tubes to pit, 
especially if vegetable oils were used for the lubrication of 
engines whose water of condensation is used for feeding the 
boiler. To-day, however, due to improved processes of 
manufacture, solid-drawn seamless steel boiler tubes are 
decidedly superior to wrought-iron boiler tubes, possessing 
just as much ductility and having greater tensile strength. 
The sizes of boiler tubes are given in Table IV. For loco- 
motive work, boiler tubes are made one gauge heavier than 
given in the table. 


%. Lap-welded semisteel tubes are manufactured ex- 
pressly for locomotive work, and hence need not be consid- 
éred’ here. 


GALVANIZED-IRON PIPE 


8. The galvanized-iron pipe used in steam heating in 
the smaller sizes is the regular standard wrought-iron pipe 
coated inside and outside with a covering of zinc in an elec- 
tric bath. It has the samé dimensions as standard black 
pipe. Galvanized pipe is sometimes used in steam-fitting 
work for exhaust and vapor pipes, drip pipes, etc. exposed 
to the outer atmosphere. It is also used in underground 


PIPES AND FITTINGS 


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8 PIPES AND FITTINGS § 22 


work where the ground is moist, the coating of zinc pre- 
venting rapid rusting. The larger sizes, where but little 
pressure ts carried, are made of a lighter and cheaper mate- 
rial, such as galvanized sheet iron built in the form of pipe. 


SPIRAL RIVETED PIPE 


9. The spiral riveted pipe is made of sheets of black 
wrought iron, of certain wire-gauge thickness, split up into 
ribbons or narrow strips, and passed over a system of rollers 
that roll it into the required shape, which is shown in Fig. 1. 


Fic, 1 


The edges lapping over each other are riveted together by 
a riveting machine over a mandrel. The lengths must be 
made to measure, and are fitted at the ends with cast-iron 
flanges, drilled to suit other flanges, or a templet. The sec- 
tions can thus be bolted together. The pipe is placed in an 
electric bath, and a coating of zinc deposited over it, which 
makes the riveted joint absolutely tight. The sizes are 
given. in Table V. 

The safe-working pressure of this pipe is considered to 
be one-third of the bursting pressure. These pipes are 
tested to a pressure of 150 pounds per square inch. They 
are furnished in lengths to order up to 20 feet. 

The thicknesses represented by the Birmingham wire- 
gauge numbers appearing in Table V are as follows: 
No. 20, ..035 inch; No. 18, .049 inch; No. 16, .065 inch; 
No. 14, .083 inch; No. 12, .109 inch. 


§ 22 FIRED ORANDeE EN EINGSs 9 


TABLE V 


SPIRAL-RIVETED FLANGED PRESSURE PIPE, DOUBLE 


GALVANIZED 

Diameter Weight Bursting 

Size. of main naes Bea Pressure 
Flanges. BW, geet Per 

Inches : Per Foot. | Square Inch. 
Inches 

Pounds Pounds 
5 6 No. 20 24 900 
+ 7 No. 20 3 700 
5 8 No. 20 4 550 
6 9 No. 18 5 700 
7 ine) No. 18 6 hoe 
8 II No. 18 7 500 
9 ne No. 18 8 450 
Ic 14 No. 16 Il 500 
Il 15 No. 16 12 A50 
| 12 16 No. 16 4 400 
13 17 No. 16 i | 380 
14 18 No. 14 20 470 
ES 19 No. 14 22 450 
eas 21} Nios ra 24 400 
18 234 No. 14 29 370 
20 254 No. 14 34 325 
22 284 No. 12 40 365 
24 30 No. 12 50 335 


FLANGED WROUGHT-IRON PIPE 


10. Flanged wrought-iron pipe can be made with 
forged flanges welded on, as shown by the end view and 
section in Fig. 2. The lengths are made to suit conditions. 
As screw joints cut into the pipe and thus reduce the 


10 PIPES AND FITTINGS $22 


strength, the pipe with forged flanges will stand a greater 
pressure and hence can be lighter in 
weight for the same pressure than 
ordinary pipe. By the use of these 
welded flanges, a large amount of 
the hand labor in erecting can be 
saved. Table VI, known as the 
Master Steam-Fitters’ Standard, is 
adopted for these flanges. The 
letters A, &,.C, DD; and & headme 
the first five columns relate to the 
dimensions shown by the same let- 
ters in Fig. 2. 


11. Pipe up to 16 inches can be 
fitted with flanges screwed on, but 
above 16 inches the flanges are usu- 
ally fastened to the pipe by rivets 
passing through a boss of the flange, 
asin Fig. 1. Sometimes the flange is fastened by expand- 
ing and peening the pipe into a recess formed in the flange. 


FIG. 2 


CAST-IRON PIPE 


12. In some manufacturing plants it is advisable to use 
cast iron instead of wrought iron for main steam pipes and 
branches, especially where acids are used, or where the pipes 


Fic. 3 


must be placed unprotected in the ground. It is also good 
_ practice to use cast iron for return mains where water is 
used that contains sulphur or any other substance tending 
to rapidly corrode wrought iron. A length of cast-iron pipe 


§ 22 PIPES AND FITTINGS | 11 


TABLE VI 


MASTER STEAM-FITTERS’ STANDARD FOR WELDED 


FLANGES 

Weight 

Num-| Size | of Pair of 

A B & D E ber of| of Flanges © 

Bolts | Bolts| Finished. 

Pounds 
65 t 11 it ot g | § ie 
Peete Tab the | ror 8 Tee 56 
8 re 13 zs rit 8 5 58 
on 2) 46 133 Sena es Gites 66 
93 +5 15 1335 134 12 3 3 
ome 3 153 If 134 12 - 78 
10g 8 16 1] yee tes en cate 8s 
12 g 18 tt 154 12 ‘ 98 
ie 3 rg If 17 12 4 108 
14 3 21 13 183 “ 1 148 
z $ 224 13 20 i6 tre 162 
tH 3 233 Ing | 214 16 $ 195 
18 3 25 13% 222 16 r 207 
oo a 27s 144 25 20 I 275 
a 3 29% 1g 274 20 I 320 
ae 16 32 2 20% 20. | Tk 400 
26 16 344 2 312 24 ie 440 
ae 16 365 24 34 28 14 510 
he 15 382 24 36 28 14 560 


is shown in Fig. 3. The usual method of connecting cast- 
iron pipes is by flange joints having a fibrous packing 
between the flanges. Flange joints should be fitted in such 
a manner that the only stress the pipe is subjected to will 
be the tensile stress due to the steam pressure. The 
standard sizes are given in Table VII. 


12 PIPES AND FITTINGS 


TABLE VII 


§ 22 


SIZES AND WEIGHTS OF CAST-IRON FLANGED PIPE 


Thickness of Metal in Inches 


= CB CE 
Inches 4 8 oF 8 4 8 8 4 
Weight Per Foot in Pounds 
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5°) 12.89 | 19.79-| 27.00 | 34.52) 42.734) 50.437) S891 2 07.05 ego 
52 | 14-11 | 21.63 | 29.45 137.58 | 46.021 54:76) 26381) (73017 eae 
6 15.34 | 23:-47 | 31.91 |.40.65 | -492-701-50:00) 68. 72) 75300 cameo 
W°417-79 | 27.15 1.365321 46.79.) (57.00) 67-65 | 76.54" | 60. pean 
8 |}-20.25 | 30.83 | 41.72) 52.02: 64.43] 76.24) 88.36 tao; jou eae 
Q ‘| 22.70} 34.52 | 46.63'/.59,06] 71.79] 84.837 98.10") FIL 33am 
IO | 25.16] 38.20 | 51.54] 65.19 | 79.15] 93.42 | 107.99 | 122.87 | 138 
TI*)| 27.61} 41.88 | 56,45] 70233 | 86.52) 102.01 1117.81 }133-920sae 
I2 | 30.07 | 46.56 | 61..36 | 77.471. 93.'88| 110.60} 127 63.) 144.96) 162, 
13 | 32.52] 49.24 | 66.27 | 83.60 | 101.24] 119.19 | 137.45 | 156.01 | 174. 
147. 134.98 | 52.92: 71218 189.74 | 108.011.129.978 | 147/26 |, 160705" gargs 
15 56.60 | 76.09 | 95.87 |115.97| 136.37 | 157.08 | 178.10 | Igg9. 


BRASS AND COPPER PIPE 


BRASS PIPE 


.88 
Bo 
.16 
.29 
-43 
.56 
.'70 
. 84 
-97 


24 
52 


-79 
.06 


33 
60 


87 
15 
42 


13. For steam-heating work, brass pipe is made in all 
standard iron-pipe sizes up to 6 inches in diameter. 
a thickness nearly equal to that of standard wrought-iron 
pipe, and hence is of sufficient thickness to be threaded the 


same. 
without threads. 


{tehas 


The regular standard lengths are 12 feet; they come 
Brass pipe is used chiefly for boiler con- 


nections where a pipe with more flexibility than iron is 


G22 PIPES AND FITTINGS 13 


required, and for boiler feedpipes and blow-off pipes, as brass 
is not so liable as iron to deteriorate under the high tem- 
perature in the flue space and smoke chambers of a boiler. 
Brass pipe is also used for steam coils in water tanks, or 
water coils in steam tanks for heating feedwater for boilers, 
etc. - Small sizes of brass pipe are used for oil connections 
in machinery, as they can be easily and neatly bent, and 
when polished make a neat appearance. The standard sizes 
are given in the following table: 


TABLE VIII 


SIZES AND WEIGHTS OF IRON-PIPE SIZE OF BRASS 
AND COPPER STEAM TUBES 


Inside Outside Approximate Weight” 
i i : Length. Per Foot 
Size of Tube Diameter. Diameter. 
Inches Inches Bee Brace Copper © 
eri, fis st ro 43 12 30 3 
#-inch....... na ts 12 -43 45 
ete. yy oa. 49 aa 12 .58 61 
4-inch, 7... “62 43 {2 .80 84 
Stns! « eeeaes .82 7s 12 Try 1.23 
Be 1TG Daria. 1.04 17s 12 1.67 core 
14-inch... .. 1.38 12 12 2.42 2.54 
ac ed 0 Baa 1.61 IZ 12 2.92 3.07 
Res RGl ho) ss 2.06 23 12 4.17 4.38 
Beet. 5 2he 4 2.46 24 12 5.00 5.25 
Bethe ac". 3.06 34 ie 8.00 8.40 
ge-INC a... s « 3.50 4 12 10.00 10.50 
AmeINCH os, 3. 4.02 44 EQ 12.00 12.00 
SaLAE 9 Vol be eae aeae 5.04 5.56 8 to Io 15.93 17.30 
Geinehea. Ls 6.06 6.66 6 to 8 20.69 22.38 


COPPER PIPE 


14, Copper pipe can be had in the same dimensions as 
the brass pipe referred to in Table VIII, but is generally 
made only to order. The smaller sizes of copper pipe are 


14 PIPES AND FITTINGS § 22 


used for the same purpose as brass pipe; that is, for feed- 
water heaters, drip pipes, boiler connections, etc. 

Seamless copper pipe of the iron-pipe sizes can be used 
for spring bends for main steam lines; sizes less than 4 inch 
can be bent cold. In steamship work, copper tubing for 
connecting the boilers and engines is generally made from 
sheet copper, with the seams dovetailed and’ then brazed. 
The ends of such tubes are provided with flanges brazed and 
riveted on; the sections are then bolted together in posi- 
tion. As the beating of the copper sheet draws the copper 
lighter in some parts than others, tubes thus made are not 
so well adapted for very high pressures as the seamless tubes. 


FLEXIBLE METALLIC TUBING 


15. A peculiar form of tubing consists of a strip of 
metal, formed by a special machine over a mandrel, with a 
an edge on one side that laps into the curved edge of 
the opposite side of the same strip, the spiral seam acting as 
a wedge to press the two interlocking edges tightly on each 
other. By the ingenious method in which the pipe is made, | 
it becomes flexible and yet remains steam-tight. 


16. Fig. 4 shows a flexible metallic tube a in section. It 
is connected to a 
coupling 6, which 
may be screwed to 
an ifOn: pipe; gene 
connect the, tape 
and coupling, the 
coupling ring ¢ is 
slipped over the end 
of the tubing a, and 
then the gland d is 
screwed’ over the 
| tubing. Next,some 
asbestos-thread packing is wrapped around the tubing 


Fic. 4 


§ 22 PIPES AND FITTINGS 15 


at e; the end of the tubing is then pushed into 0, as 
shown, and the ring ¢ is screwed over @ until the pack- 
ing at ¢ is tightly compressed. Care must be taken, 
however, not to twist the tubing, as then it may leak. 
A little clear space must be allowed at the end of 
the tubing, as shown. 


PIPE FITTINGS 


ELBOWS 


1%. Elbows are fittings that are used to change the 
direction of a pipe. They are made with right-hand threads 
and also with left-hand . 
threads; also, with one 
thread right hand and 
the Other .thread ‘left 
hand. The term ell is 
a trade abbreviation for 
elbow. The right- 
angle elbow, also 
called quarter elbow, 
is used for making 
right-angle, or 90°, turns in continuous lengths of piping. 
.Fig. 5 shows, in section at (@) and in perspective at (d), 
a common cast-iron quarter elbow. It will be observed 
that the tapped openings are reenforced with an extra 
amount of metal around the threads. This extra metal 
is required to prevent the fitting from being split when 
a pipe is being screwed into it. All cast-iron fittings are 
provided with a reenforcement. 


Fic. 5 


18. Elbows with left-hand threads, commonly called 
left-hand elbows, are used in places where fittings cannot 
be turned, as occurs in connecting up the last fitting of 
a loop. 


PIPES AND FITTINGS § 22 


6 shows a right-and-left-quarter elbow, 


where, as a distinguishing mark, the left- 
hand end has ribs cast on it, as shown 
at a. Some manufacturers, however, 
indicate the left-hand thread by the let- 
ter £ marked on the fitting. 


20. Reducing elbows, one of which 


is shown in Fig. 7, are used for the same 


’ 


purpose as straight elbows, which are 


tapped the same size at both outlets; they differ from 


straight elbows in that the outlet end is 
tapped (threaded) for a smaller pipe. There 
are no right-and-left threaded reducing 
elbows manufactured; if required, they 
must be made to order. In fact, all redu- 
cing fittings are made with right-hand 
threads. 


21. Kighth, or 45°, elbows are intended to change the 
direction in which the pipe runs 45°. Eighth elbows are at 


Fig nie. 


present only made with right-hand threads, 
and are not made in reducing sizes. 
should be used in preference to 90° elbows 
when possible. A 45° elbow is shown in 


They. 


22. <A side-outlet elbow, or three- 
way elbow, which has three outlets, is 


shown in Fig. 9. It is seldom used, because it makes it 


difficult to properly allow for expansion 
and contraction of the pipes; but there are 
some cases where it is necessary. For in- 
stance, they may be used for a drip pipe to 
drain the water of condensation from long 
runs of pipe at a bend; sucha drip pipe or 
relief should be fitted so that expansion and 
contraction are provided for as fully as 


possible. Side-outlet elbows, while listed in most catalogues, 


are seldom kept in stock. 


§ 22 PIPES AND FITTINGS 17 


23. Street elbows are used in steam-fitting work only 
in places where the connection must be made too close to use 
the regular form of elbow and a short 
piece of pipe. The name is derived 
from the use to which they are put by 
plumbers and gas-fitters, being used by 
them to connect water and gas pipes to 
openings tapped in the street mains. 
They are sometimes used by boiler 
makers in making a close right-angle connection to the shell 
of a boiler or a tank, and by steam fitters in connecting feed- 
pipes where space is limited between the boiler and brick- 
work, etc. They are also called male and female elbows, 
the female part 4, Fig. 10, having a thread into which a pipe 
can be fitted and the male part being the outer threaded 
end shown at a. Street elbows are usually made of malle- 
able iron; nearly all malleable-iron fittings are reenforced 
by a round bead, shown at 0. 


Fic. 10 


TEES 


PURPOSE AND DESIGNATION 


24. In tees, as the name implies, the three connec- 
ting outlets forma T. ‘These fittings are made in various 
forms and are used to take a branch 
pipe from a line of pipe at right angles 
without changing the direction of the 
continuous pipe. Any number of 
branches may be taken from a main 
line, by screwing tees on. the line. 
Tees are all made with. right-hand 

Bic. 1 threads and can be had in many differ- 
ent forms. The method of designating the size of a tee is 
to first state the size of the run and then the size of the 
branch. By run is meant a line of piping entering and 
leaving a fitting in the same straight line. Thus, in Fig. 11, 


18 “PIPES ‘AND FITTINGS "$22 


if all the openings were 1-inch, it would properly be called 
a 1” x1" tee. It is known more commonly to the trade, 
however, as a straight 1-inch tee. If thé openings are differ- 
ent in size, it is necessary to be very careful in naming a tee. 
Thus, Fig. 12 shows a run of 14-inch pipe reduced to a run 


FIG. 12 


of 11-inch pipe by a tee that has a l-inch branch. This is 
known as a 14". x 14" x 1" tee. The largest size tapping on 
the run is always noted first; then the other tapping on the 
run; then the branch tapping. This simple rule, which is 
universally adopted, should be remembered in ordering, to 
prevent confusion. 


25. When a tee is made so that the branch taken from 
the main line is smaller than the run, as shown in Fig. 13, 


the fitting is really a reducing tee, but it is not listed as 
such in manufacturers’ catalogues. It is simply listed as a 


cP aa PIPES AND FITTINGS 19 


tee with a reduced outlet. The tee shown in Fig. 13 is 
designated as a 3” x 3” x 114" fee. In other words, it has a 
3-inch run and a 14-inch outlet. 


REDUCING, BULLHEAD, SIDE-OUTLET, AND ANGLE TEES 


26. Reducing tees are tees that have the run reduced 
in size, as shown in Fig. 12. A reducing tee may also have 
a reducing side outlet. In designating reducing tees, the 
largest opening does not take precedence. The side outlet 
is always named last, even though it is larger than either of 
the others. 


2%. A bullhead tee is shown in is 14. It will be 
observed that the run of the ie 
pipe is smaller than the outlet. 
It is used generally where the 
larger pipe must have branches 
both ways at an angle of 90° 
to it. It can be made reducing 
on the run, the same as is shown 
in Fig. 12. 

28. A side-outlet tee, 
which is shown in Fig. 15, is a 
fitting that is listed in manu- 


facturers’ catalogues, but is | a fe 
very seldom used, as it is diffi- Um 
cult to provide for free expan- —_ 
sion and contraction of the pipes 
when it is employed. This fitting is usually. made to order, 
and can be made to suit the conditions. 
Fittings of this kind are designated by 
first stating the sizes of the run and 
| then the sizes of the side outlets. If 
jj it is desired to have a reducing tee 
made with side outlets, the fitting 
should be shown by a sketch made, as 
in Fig. 16, to indicate the positions of 


Fic. 14 


20 PIPES AND FITTINGS § 22 


the side outlets. The fitting shown in Fig. 16 (a) is designated 


Fic. 16 


asia 4° 20 <a eee 
stde-outlet tee, opening 
looking to right. ‘The 
one shown in Fig. 16 (0) 
is called a 4" & 24" & 2” 
x 14” stde outlet tee, open- 
mg looking to the left. 
The. dotted ewele same 
Fig. 16 (06) shows that 
the side outlet is on the 
left of the fitting, and 
the manufacturers would 
make it accordingly. 
From the foregoing, it 
will be seen that the 
terms right and left are 
applied to the side outlet 


in accordance with the 


side they are on when 
looking at the fitting in 


the direction of the run, and from the larger opening toward 


the smaller one. 


29. Anangle tee, or Y branch, 


is a fitting having an outlet that 
branches off at an angle of 45° to 
the axis of the maim«rum it 1s 
designated, or read, the same as 
a tee, except that the kind of 
outlet is designated by calling it 
a Y. Thus, the fitting shown in 
Bigs 17) iss callediae Seiad eo! 
reducing Y branch. ‘These. fitting's 
are’ kept in stock im ostrateht 
sizes, that is, with all outlets the 
same size; the reducing fittings 
must be made to order to suit 


the conditions. 


22 PIPES AND FITTINGS § 22 


radiator above it. The arrows show the direction of the cur- 
rents. This fitting is used principally on vertical runs of pipe. 


32. Fig. 21 shows a distributing fitting similar to Fig 20. 
It has a large body at the branch; the back of the fitting is 
straight on the run and the deflector a is short. This fitting 
is used in horizontal runs of pipe to favor the branch. 


LONG-TURN FITTINGS AND CROSSES 


33. Long-turn fittings are made similar to the stand- 
ard steam fittings, but have a long bend, which allows an 
easy flow of the liquid. In Fig. 22 is shown a long-turn 
elbow in (a), a double-branch elbow in (0), a tee in (c), and 


FIG. 22 


across in(d@). The fitting in (4) is sometimes called a twin 
elbow. ‘The standard makes of these fittings are all regular 
straight sizes; the reducing sizes are special. The double- 
branch elbow is similar to the bullhead tee and is very useful 
for branching from a main; it makes a superior connection. 


34. Crosses are fittings used where two branches oppo- 
site each other are taken from a main 
run at an angle of 90° with it, as shown 
in Fig. 23. Although they are used 
extensively, their use is objectionable, 
as the flow from the main in two direc- 
tions taken from the same point causes 
the current to flow unevenly, unless the 
branches are very well equalized. In 
many cases, the branch currents cut off the flow in the 


§ 22 PIPES AND FITTINGS 23 


run by the sharp turn made by them. There is not so 
much trouble in using crosses for water, as the velocity 
is seldom as high as the velocity with which steam flows 
through pipes, 


NIPPLES 


35. Nipples are short pieces of pipe, threaded on both 
ends, that are used in connecting the fittings when short 
connections are to be made. They are made in all sizes of 
pipe, kept in stock in various lengths, and are classified as 
close, shoulder, short, and long nipples. Nipples are made 
with right-hand screw threads, left-hand screw threads, and 
right-and-left screw threads. The left-hand nipples are very 
seldom used, and are generally cut to suit peculiar conditions, 
such as occur in coupling up two left-hand fittings, when it 
is not possible to get others, or where it will occasion much 
loss of time to get the proper fittings. 


36. Fig. 24 shows a right-hand close nipple having a 
right-hand. taper thread cut on each end. The nipple is 
short enough to allow the fittings to come close together, 
whence the name. 


Fic. 24 FIG. 26 


3%. Fig. 25 shows a right-hand shoulder nipple. The 
threads are both right hand. The short piece of unthreaded 
pipe in the center is called a shoulder. 


38. Fig. 26 shows a right-and-left short nipple. The 
end a is threaded left hand. 

39. Long nipples differ from short nipples only in length. 
Some people call them short pieces of pipe. There are no 
specific lengths that define a long nipple. 


24 PIPES AND FITTINGS § 22 


40. The right-hand nipple is used where it is possible to 
extend connections by the turning of the fitting. The right- 
and-left nipple is used where space will not permit the turn- 
ing on of a fitting, as in connecting up to a radiator or main. 
As the pipe wrench is used on such a nipple, it should be 
made of extra-heavy pipe, to prevent its being flattened or 
split by the wrench. Nipples up to 2 inches can be cut with 
the ordinary hand tools, but the work is very slow and, 
hence, expensive; nipples cut by machinery can be pur- 
chased much cheaper than they can be made by hand. 


41. A nipple with a hexagon center is shown in Fig. 27. 
It is made of malleable iron cast in the form of a sleeve. As 
it is used chiefly for connecting materials 
that cannot be turned, it is threaded 
right hand and left hand, as shown. It 
is screwed up by means of a narrow 
wrench, usually called a spanner, and 
applied to the hexagon center. In these 
nipples, both threads have the same 
length. They are used chiefly for cone 
necting up sections of radiators. 


42. WLocknut nipples, or long screws, are used in some 
cases for final connections, especially in gas work. In steam- 
heating work, however, they are used only in places where 


ae CES 


FIG. 28 


the connecting pipes will not permit springing in order to 
make the connection. They consist of a short pipe a, 
Fig. 28, with a taperthread 4 on one end sufficiently long 
to make a tight screw joint in the fitting; the other end is 


S$ 22 Pon Der er NG. 20 


threaded with a. straight thread somewhat longer than the 
coupling c. A short locknut d, also called a follower, made 
by cutting a coupling in two pieces in the lathe and turning 
a cup-like recess in it, is fitted to the thread. This willserve 
as a gland and will hold packing e when the follower is 
screwed up tight against the coupling. After the nipple a 
is screwed into the fitting and lined up for final connection, 
the coupling ¢ is screwed up tight on the other pipe 7, A 
lamp-wick or hemp gasket soaked in white lead is wound 
around at ¢ and the follower is screwed up tight. 


43. Although the long screw is shown and described 
here, it is not recommended for steam-heating work. Right- 
and-left fittings should be used imstead. ‘The ‘ong screw 
may be used with impunity only where the temperature of 
the pipes connected by it does not change much and where 
there is no vibration or jarring of the pipe. — 


44, WLocknuts are used, as previously described, to 
make up joints on long screws, etc. They are also used on 
the ends of pipes to serve as supports, 
or to protect threads in shipping. A 
locknut is shownin Fig. 29. The facea 
screws against the gasket and is faced 
and slightly countersunk. 


COUPLINGS 


45. Couplings are simply sleeves threaded inside. 
They are used for connecting up con- 
tinuous lengths of pipe. Each length of 
standard pipe shipped by manufacturers 
is fitted with a coupling on-.one end, 
except extra-strong pipes. A common 
wrought-iron or steel pipe coupling is 
: eG) 00 shown in Fig. 30. It is tapped ‘right 
hand at both ends with taper threads. 


26 PIPES AND FITTINGS § 22 


46. A reducing coupling is shown in Fig. 31. This is 
| usually made of cast iron in the larger sizes 
and of malleable iron in the smaller sizes. 
The coupling shown is made of cast iron. It 
consists of a short sleeve with a large open- 
ing and a small opening, each tapped to suit 
the different sizes of pipes to be connected 
together. An eccentric, or offset reducing 
coupling, is shown in Fig. 32. It is used to facilitate the 
draining of a horizontal pipe and to preserve 
the bottom alinement. These fittings are 
only made with right-hand threads. 


4%. A right-and-left coupling is shown 
in Fig. 33. It is used for coupling up pipe 
lengths where final joints are to be made and 
where the pipes cannot be turned. It con- 
sists of a sleeve tapped with a right-hand thread in one end 
and a left-hand thread in the other end. 
Different makers have different kinds of 
outside finish for these fittings to dis- 
tinguish them from common couplings; 
the illustration represents a good con- 
struction... The bars, a,.2 are thesv7zg7 
and /eft distinguishing marks, and the 
beads 0, 6 are strengthening bands, very much required on 
such a fitting. : 


FIG. 32 


Fic. 33 


48. A solid flange is shown in Fig. 34. This is some- 
times called a blind plate, or blind flange. It is made of 
cast iron and is used principally for 
closing the ends of flanged pipes, etc. 
Holes are drilled to correspond with 
the holes in the pipe flange, and the 
solid flange is secured with bolts and a 
gasket. Plain flat flanges are generally used up to 18 inches 
in diameter. For larger sizes, ribbed solid flanges are used, 
The ribs are cast on to strengthen the flat plate. 


Property of the Dep't of 
Municipal and Sanitary Engineering, 
so  - prves MalWersityof dulinois, 


49, Fig. 35 shows a common flange threaded inside 
to receive the pipe. The bolt holes 
are not shown in the figure; these 
are usually drilled to correspond .} 
with the bolt holes of the apparatus 
to which the flange is intended to 
be bolted. Solid and common flanges 
can be procured in stock sizes without. bolt holes. 


BUSHINGS, PLUGS, AND CAPS 


50. Bushings are fittings used to reduce an outlet ina 
fitting or to connect a pipe to a larger outlet. They are 
usually made with right-hand threads. Some of them are 
made with a hexagon top, as shown in Fig. 36, for conve- 
nience in screwing the bushing with a monkeywrench. 
Others are made without the head, as shown in Fig. 37, 
and are called faced bushings, or flush bushings. They 
can be screwed into the opening to form a neat flush finish. 
Some steam fitters call these bushings thimbles. 


SS 


Fic. 39 


51. Plugs are fittings used to close tapped openings in 
fittings when the openings.are not required. Fig. 38 shows 
the common form of plug; it is provided with a projecting 
square head for screwing up with a wrench, and is made of 
cast iron. Fig. 39 shows a faced plug. It is made so that 
there will be no projection, and has a square depression in 
the face of the plug for screwing it in with a square bar or 
key. These plugs are usually made right hand, but left- 
hand plugs can be had to order, 


28 PIPES AND FITTINGS § 22 


52. A cap is shown in Fig. 40. It is used to close the 
end of a pipe, and consists of a hollow 
casting threaded inside. -Some caps are 
made witha square projection on the back; 
others are plain, and others are hexagonal 
on the body. The cap shown has short 

FIG. 40 ribs to allow the pipe wrench to get a good 
hold in screwing on the cap. 


UNIONS 


CONSTRUCTION OF UNIONS 


53. Unions are used for final connections in piping, and 
consist of three parts, namely, two sleeves threaded to screw 
on the ends of the pipes to be joined, and a threaded coup- 
ling ring to draw them together. Unions for steam or hot- 
water fitting work should have ground joints. Ordinary 
faced unions with washers between the faces of the parts 
often leak and cause trouble. It is considered the best 
practice to dispense with unions on small sizes of pipe, and 
use right and left threaded connections where possible. In 
very close connections, however, unions with a ground brass 
seat may be used, provided the pipes to be joined are not 
sprung to make the connection. 


54. A universal coupling, or union, has a ground 
ball joint where the parts comé€ together. It allows pipes to 
be connected at an angle. hi 


55. Flange unions consist of cast plates having a 
threaded hole for the pipe, and are faced on one side; they 
are Clamped tightly together by bolts, the bolt holes being 
either cored or drilled. Some flange unions have pockets 
on the outside of one flange, as shown at a, Fig. 41, in order 
to prevent the bolt from turning while the nut is being 


§ 22 PIPES AND FITTINGS 29 


screwed home. A projection, or boss, 6 gives sufficient 
length to the thread that is tapped into the opening. Flange 
joints are usually made steam- 
tight by placing a gasket of some 
fibrous packing between the flanges. 
These fittings are used in making 
final connections for pipe larger 
than 2 inches in diameter, although 
in some cases they are used for 
smaller sized pipe. 


{It 


56. Shrink flanges are a special kind of flange that 
are shrunk on the ends of pipes and riveted on instead of 
being screwed. ‘They are used for large pipe connections. 
The end of the pipe is turned to a smooth surface a distance 
slightly greater than the thickness of the flange. Theflange 
is then bored out, making the opening slightly smaller than 
the turned end of the pipe. The flange is now expanded by 


FIG. 42 


being heated, and is driven over the end of the pipe; it is 
then allowed to cool and thus contract, or shrink, into posi- 
tion. Rivet holes are then drilled, and the flange is riveted 
to the pipe, as shown at a, Fig. 42. To insure a steam-tight 
connection, the end of the pipe is peened over a chamfer in 
the flange, as at 6. The flanges are then bolted together 
with a gasket of packing between them. 


$22 PIPES AND FITTINGS 21 


DIVISION TEES 

30. <A division tee is a special form of fitting used to 
divide the current flowing through it, so that each current 
will have a chance to flow without interference, or to insure 
that the main current will not flow past a branch without 
part of it being diverted into the branch. A plain partition 
tee is shown in Fig. 18; it has a straight partition @ in the 


Fic. 19 


middle of the fitting. This tee is used when two pipes in the 
same line connect to a pipe at an angle of 90°, the flow of - 
liquid traveling toward the same branch pipe, as shown by the 
arrows. Fig. 19 shows a suction tee. This has a conical 
nozzle a extending beyond the direct line of the branch 4, 
and is used to induce the branch current to flow into the rune. 


Fic. 21 


31. Fig. 20 shows the O § fitting. It is used to allow 
the branch to be favored more than the run, as in riser pipes 
in steam heating, when a better flow is required at the branch 
to a radiator on one floor than is required to supply the 


OX 


PIPES AND FITTINGS § 22. 


multiple are first named, as a ¢en-branch 14-inch tee by 2-inch 
run, which means that there will be ten pipes 1} inches in 


Fic. 46 


diameter branching out from the mani- 
fold, and the body of the manifold, or 
tee, will have 2-inch tapped openings on 
the end. If only one outlet is required’ 
on the end, it should be ordered as fol- 
lows: One end tapped 2 inches, the other 
end blanked. Manifolds for coils can be 


1 _ made to order to suit the work. Some- 


times it is convenient to have the out- 
let tapped in the side, but in all cases 
where back or side outlets are required, 
they must be ordered special. The tap- 
ping is usually right hand, but other 
tapping can be ordered. 


SPECIAL FITTINGS 


63. A cast-iron offset is shown in 


Fig. 4%. It can be had inall sizes with an 


offset of 4 inches, 6 inches, or 8 inches. 
They are very handy fittings. The chief 
trouble in using offsets, however, is that 
they cannot be swung around when near 
walls, and consequently must often be 


connected up with right-and-left connec-_ 


tions. This is the reason that many fit- 
ters prefer using nipples and 45° elbows 
instead, which are very unsightly, however. 


64. Offset fittings can also be had in 
the form of tees, crosses, couplings, ete. 


Fig. 48 shows an eccentric: tee. The ~ 


Fic. 47 


object of this fitting is to prevent lodging places for water 
in the main a, which is always the case where the ordinary 
reducing fitting placed horizontally is used. 


§. 22 PIPES AND FITTINGS 33 


Fig. 49 shows an eccentric cross. It is used chiefly for 
taking a supply both ways from either the top or bottom of 


amain. Eccentric or offset fittings are usually made to order. 
Sketches showing the branches must be sent with the order. 


65. Flanged cast-iron fittings have faced flanges in 
which the bolt holes are generally drilled to suit a standard 
templet to insure interchangeability. The benefit derived 
from using flanged fittings and pipe is that changes in, and 
additions to, piping can easily be made. Flanged connec- 
tions are objected to by*some people on account of the 
joints requiring packing and being lable to leak, but if 
proper provision is made for expansion, so that the piping is 
not subjected to excessive bending and twisting stresses, and 
if proper packing is used, the chances of leakage are small. 


gem ; 


Ln 


66. Fig. 50 (a) shows a cast-iron flanged elbow con- 
nected to two pipes; a reducing flanged tee is shown in 


J4 PIPES ANDEE UE TINGS § 22 


Fig. 50 (4); Fig. 50 (c) shows aso-called base elbow, which 
has a bracket @ with a wide base cast on it. This kind of 
elbow is used at the bottom of a long run of vertical pipe, 
the base being placed on a masonry pier, or similar suitable 
foundation, in order to support the weight of the pipe above 
it. Nearly all kinds of fittings can be bought with flanges 
instead of tapped ends. 


6%. Semisteel fittings are made special, and are usu- 
ally made from special patterns, which conform somewhat 
to the cast-iron flange fittings and to the long-sweep threaded 
fittings. They are cast of a special metal having a high 
tensile strength. 


68. The malleable-iron fittings commonly used by 
plumbers and gas-fitters are not adapted for use with iron 
pipe for steam work; they will not stand the strains due to 
expansion and contraction. For this purpose extra-heavy 
patterns are made, which are used chiefly in connecting up 
feedpipes and blow-off pipes in the fire-spaces of boilers. 


69. There are two kinds of brass fittings, those made 
similar in pattern to malleable-iron fittings and those made 
similar in pattern to common cast-iron fittings. The latter 
are preferable for steam work. They are used extensively 
for feed and blow-off connections, also steam-gauge and 
water-gauge connections, and in places where iron pipe and 
fittings would rust out quickly. They are threaded for, and 
used with, ‘‘iron-pipe size brass pipe.” These fittings can 
be polished or otherwise finished as desired. 


70. Railing fittings are made chiefly of malleable iron 
and are used for fences, enclosures arcund machinery, etc. 
They are made with right-hand threads, but can be made to 
order with any thread desired. These fittings can also be 
made with reducing outlets in various reductions of one or 
two sizes. ‘They can also be had cast from brass, and either 
in the rough (that is, as they come from the mold) or fin- 
ished (that is, polished). The distinguishing feature of these 
fittings is that the body is spherical in form and the outlets 
have no beads for reenforcement. 


§ 22 PIPES AND PIVTINGs 3d 


71. Ornamental fittings are made for ornamental fin- 
ish, chiefly on coils. They are made expressly for this pur- 
pose and can be obtained made of cast iron or of cast brass. 
In ordering these fittings, they should be described fully and 
the tapping specified, such as left-hand threads and right- 
hand threads. With the exception of the ornamentation, 
they are practically the same as other common fittings. 


PIPE SUPPORTS 


PLATES, STANDS, BRACKETS, AND SADDLES 


472. Wook. plates are used to support heating pipes 
where they are assembled 
in the form of coils, or 
other pipes that run par- 
allel to one another. In 
Fig. 51 (a), asingle hook 
plate of the common pat- 
tern is shown; a multi- 
ple hook plate of the 
same pattern is shown in 
Fig. 51 (0); a single off- 
set hook plate is shown 
in Fig. 51 (c), and a mul- 
tiple offSet hook plate 
is shown in Fig, 51. (2). 
iaesends (are. -ofiset. so 
that the pipes will be held 
clear of any small pro- 
jections on the face of the 
wall. Hook plates are 
fastened to the walls with 
screws or expansion bolts. 
Care should be taken in 
ordering hook plates to 
state the size and number 
of hooks, which latter are 


36 


PIPES AND FITTINGS § 22 


generally called branches; thus, ove ten-branch 14-inch 


FIGs be 


hook plate, or one single 
11-inch hook plate. If 
offset plates are to be 
use ds state: Jone ien- 
branch I1-inch hook 
plate, offset ends, 
14 inches (or as much as 
required). Offset hook 
plates are usually made 
to order. Hook plates 
similar to those shown 
in Fig. }1 .can, be had 
pressed out of sheet 
steel. 


FIG. 53 


“43. Ring plates have a ring for the pipe, as shown in 


475. There are 


bent to form feet, 


Fig. 52, instead of the hook shown in 
Fig. 51. They are used in places where 
pipes would fall out if hooks were used, 
as at ceilings and on ships. 


4. Expansion plates are similar 
to hook plates, but instead of hooks the 
brackets have a flat surface, as shown 
in Fig. 53. They are used at the cor- 
ners of long coils to allow the pipes 
to. freely expand. and contractia iie 
brackets are made longer than the 
branches of hook plates. 


numerous places 


where cast-iron hook plates cannot be 
used; for example,. 


where pipe coils 


stand away from a wall. In such cases 
it is necessary to support the coils from 
the floor with coil stands. In some 
cases, they are made, as shown in 
Fig. 54 (@), of flat iron with the ends 


In other cases, a 


§ 22 PIPES AND FITTINGS 37 


cast-iron block is made and the iron bent around the coil 
and bolted to the block, as shown in Fig. 54 (4). Each 
stand should be provided with a support for each pair of 
pipes or each separate pipe, so as to preserve the aline- 
ment. Each support should preferably have a piece of 
pipe, as a, slipped over the bolts to form a distance piece that 
will prevent the sides J, c from 
being bolted tightly against the 
pipes. This will allow the pipes 
to expand freely. 


76. Side-wall, or ceiling, 
brackets are used in many 
cases to make a strong and ser- 
viceable support for pipes and 
coils. They are forged of iron 
to the required shape. They 
are particularly suitable for 
supporting coils in skylights, 
on ceilings, or on sloping walls, 
where the cast-iron hook plate 


will not give a secure support. 
Fig. 55 shows such a bracket 
secured to a brick wall by ex- 
pansion bolts at a, a.- A forged 
iron strap or bar J, offset at both 
ends, is bolted to the bar c, the bolts forming the pipe supports. 


%%. Pipe saddles are made of cast iron; they have 
notches for the pipes, as shown in Fig. 56. The smaller sizes 


Sipe op x 


38 PIPES AND FITTINGS § 22 


are made with one hole at the center to admit a bolt for hang- 
ing the pipes from the ceiling, as shown in the illustration. 
Long saddles should have two bolts, one at each end, which 
make a better support. In naming these fittings, they 
should be designated, for example, thus, ove ten-pipe 11-inch 
saddle, which is a saddle for ten 14-inch pipes. 


48. Roller supports consist of rollers of cast iron haying 
a hole for’a rod toslip through. | ‘The *rollers” are madenca 
suit the size of pipe coil to 
be used and are usually sold 
separately. Fig. 57 shows a 
roller support for four pipes 
attached to theceiling. The 
rod that passes through the 
rollers is a piece of round 
steel. It is threaded on the 
ends and secured in place 
FIG. 57 with locknuts. The hanger 
shown is secured to the ceiling beams with lagscrews, and is 
considered to be about 
the best coil support 
made. 


PIPE HANGERS 


COvorLbere war erin. 
merous ways of hanging 
steam pipes, of which 
some are crude make- 
shifts that should not 
be found on good work. 
No engineer who prides 
himself on his work 
will use them. A pipe 
hanger should be easily 
adjusted after the line ps ie 
of pipe has been put up and alined, and should be so 
constructed that sections of pipe can be readily taken down. 


“(b) 


Property of the Dep't of 
Municipal and Sanitary Engineering, 
University of {linols, 


§ 22 PIPES AND FITTINGS 39 


80. Fig. 58 (a) shows the Ideal pipe hanger. This 
is a strong, although light-looking, hanger made of flat 
steel. The clamp a is sprung over the pipe and clamped 
to the perforated bar 6, which in turn is clamped to a 
steel socket ¢ enclosing a bolt or lagscrew. It can be 
adjusted by the flat perforated bar 6, which is cut off 
to suit. A beam clamp, as shown in Fig. 58 (6), is 
used for clamping the hanger to iron and steel beams. 
It is made entirely of steel; the adjusting bar a is 
fitted with locknuts 6, 6 on each end for holding 
the toes or hooks c, c around the beam and at the 
same time obtain an easy sidewise adjustment. <A 
fine vertical adjustment is obtained by means of the 
bolt ad. 


Fic. 59 


40 PIPES AND FITTINGS § 22 


81. The Blake hanger, shown in Fig. 59 (a), is made 
of malleable iron. Its construction somewhat resembles 
that of the Ideal, with the exception that the clamp is in 
two parts joined at the bottom with a tonguecr pin, as shown 
at a. The clamp is bolted to a socket J that is tapped with 
a pipe thread and into which a lagscrew c is screwed. The 
lagscrew is used for connection to wooden beams. ‘The 
Blake hanger for iron and steel beams, however, is provided 
with a nipple that attaches the socket 0 to an adjustable 
beam clamp. The beam clamp is made with a diagonal 
slotted hole @ for a bolt, and allowing adjustment to the 
iron beam. . 


82. The Universal hanger is a cast-iron hanger, 
with a ring made in halves and bolted at the bottom; 
it has an oblong button end at the top, which con- 
nects into a box-like casting. This casting is bolted to 
the same style of socket and lagscrew as used in the 
Blake hanger. A malleable-iron beam clamp and an 
additional socket and nipple are used for connection to 
iron beams. 

83. The Hoey hanger has a cast-iron loop in the form 
of a stirrup; this has a recessed top fitting over a bolthead 
held in place by a cap that passes over the top of the 
hanger. The pipe is supported on a roller made of iron 
pipe placed over a bolt passing through each end of the 
stirrup. 


84. The ball-and-socket hanger is substantially the 
same as the Blake, except that the base of the lagscrew, or 
hanging bolt, is provided with a ball on the end. This is 
enclosed in a socket, one-half of which is cast on the top of 
each leg of the loop. The socket is held in position over the — 
ball by a bolt and nut. One of the principal advantages of 
the hanger is that the pipe can be lined up, by turning the 
lagscrew or beam clamp hanging bolt, without uncoupling 
the loop around the pipe. 


§ 22 PIPES AND FITTINGS At 


FLOOR PLATES, CEILING PLATES, AND SLEEVES 


85. Floor and ceiling plates, sometimes called es- 
cutcheons, are used for making a neat finish around the 
pipes where they pass 
through partitions, 
floors, or walls. The 
styles shown are made 
of cast iron or cast 
brass::  Fig...60. (a) 
shows a simple, plain 
cast-iron floor plate 
with a bead on the 
outer edge and at the 
opening through which 
the pipe passes. Some- 
times screw holes are 
drilled in the plate, 
as Shown, so that it can 
be secured to the floor. 
Fig. 60 (6) shows a sim- 
ilar plate with a collar 
ce) that passes around the 
pipe. It is tapped for 
a setscrew, which, when 
screwed against the 
pipe, prevents the plate 
from falling down. 
This is generally used 
as. a cetling’ plate. 
Fig. 60 (c) shows the 
Rutzler floor plate, 
for use where a one- 
pipe riser accompanied 
with a small air-vent 
pipe passesthrough the 
floor. Fig. 60 (@) shows the same floor plate for two-pipe 
work, when the steam and return risers are accompanied 
with a small air-vent pipe. In these styles of plates, the 


4 


iil 


42 PIPES AND FITTINGS § 22 


small opening can be used to secure two plates, one on each 
side of a partition, by means of nuts and a short piece of 
small pipe, or an iron rod with nuts on each end. 


86. If the plate shown in Fig. 60 (0) is used in connec- 
tion with a combustible ceiling, it should have a projecting 
collar around the pipe at the upper opening, to prevent the 
pipe touching the woodwork. The plates shown in Fig. 60 (c) 
and (@) can also be used as ceiling plates, and may be 
secured in place by cleats of strap iron fastened to the bot- 
tom. The projecting flange is long enough to reach through 
the floor, and the straps are bent over at the floor above. 


8%. Screw floor plates are cast-metal plates having a 
recess in the bottom threaded with a regular pipe thread; 
they are intended to screw on a short wrought-iron nipple 
or tube...-They canine 
used as floor and ceiling 
plates, or for wails, parti- 
tions, etc.,and are the most 
serviceable plates and 
make the neatest finish for 
concrete or fireproof fl00i s, 
etc. Screw floor plates are 
made of iron or brass, and 
can be obtained finished in 
4 various ways. 


88. Fig. 61 shows a 
good screw floor plate, 
known as the Hall thim- 
ble. The three loose parts 
are shown in Fig. 61 (a), 
while Fig. 61 (4) shows the 
thimble in position around a steam pipe passing through a 
fireproof floor. The plates shown in Figs. 60 and 61 must 
be put in place, or at least slipped over the pipes, before the 
pipes are screwed up. 


Fic. 61 


§ 22 PIPES AND FITTINGS 43 


89. Adjustable floor and ceiling plates are also made in 
halves, so that they may be placed around the pipes after 
the work is erected. They are secured together in various 
ways, and when used as ceilin~ plates have some means of 
clamping them to the pipes. 


90. Fig. 62 (a) shows the Beaton adjustable floor 
plate, while Fig. 62 (4) shows the corresponding ceiling 
plate. They are each made of two hinged halves, which 
when closed around the pipe are secured by a screw, as shown. 


FIG. 62 FIG. 638 


91. Stamped-metal floor plates are stamped from 
sheet metal, and are lighter and lie closer to the floor, which 
is a good point in their favor. The Russell plate, shown 
in Fig. 63, belongs to this class. The parts are joined by a 
metal tongue projecting through a band on the adjoining 
half; a notch in the tongue secures the sections together. 
There is enough spring in the prongs a to hold the plate in 
place by their pressure against the pipe. One objection to 
this plate is that it has no flange around the pipe to protect 
the woodwork. 


92. Floor and ceiling sleeves are made of tin or gal- 
vanized iron, and are used in connection with floor and 


44 PIPES AND FITTINGS § 22 


ceiling plates to insure protection against fire and to close 
the opening where pipes pass 
through floors or partitions. 


93. A double-riser 
sleeve is shown in Fig. 64. 
It consists of two plates of 
i the kind shown in Fig. 60(@), 
| (| dl \ with galvanized-iron sleeves 
| Lag —ug | a, a fastened to each plate. 
| | | | A space is left between the 
sleeves for taking connections 
from the tees shown under 
the floor. The sleeves can 
be made longer if desired, so 
that the pipes will be enclosed 
completely, one sleeve tele- 
scoping into the other. ‘The 
method of securing these 
plates is by two small iron rods 4, 6 with screw ends passing 
through both plates and having nuts. : 


94, Fig. 65 shows a sheet-metal telescopic sleeve for a 
single pipe. It is composed of 
two spun flanges, each attached 
to a sleeve. The lower flange 
is drawn up to the ceiling by 
cleats a, a, which are bent over 
and nailed to the floor, as shown. 
The upper: flange and sleeve 
are pushed down in place over 
the lower sleeve, as shown; the 
upper flange is wide enough to 
conceal the cleats. An airspace 
of 1 inch or more should exist between the sleeve and the 
steam pipe. ; 


FIG. 65 


95. The Vasburge adjustable sleeve, shown in Fig. 66, 
has a thread that allows the length to be adjusted and 


§ 22 PIPES AND FITTINGS 4B 


incidentally gives stiffness. Thisisa strong, durable sleeve, 
much used for good work. 


96. Different localities have dif- : il ) 
Lida MZ 


ferent laws governing the amount 
of space which shall be provided 
around the:steam pipes and return 
pipes as a protection against possi- 
ble charring of woodwork. A 
1-inch air space all around the pipe 
is generally considered a sufficient 
fire-protection, and is reasonable 
enough to admit of connections 
being made without projecting 
tne sirisers. etc. too far into ithe 
room. 


9%. In many buildings, it is advisable to place some 
fireproof filling in the space between the pipe and the sleeve, 
so that fire in oneapartment cannot pass through to the one 
above or adjoining. Ordinary pipe covering will fit most of 
the tubes where made 1 inch larger than the pipe, or the 
space can be packed with loose asbestos in flakes, or with 
mineral wool. 


98. <A good fireproof finish can be obtained by using 
the Nonpareil cork riser blocks, which consist of cork 
pressed under a high pressure around iron-pipe sleeves. 
They can be built into the walls by the masons as the build- 
ing is erected. 


VALVES 


GLOBE VALVES 


99. Valves are used to entirely shut off or partly check 
the flow of steam or water in a heating system, so that the 
apparatus can be properly controlled. They vary in design, 
some being made to completely shut off the piping, while 


46 PIPES AND -FITTINGS § 22 


others are made to partially shut off the piping so as to 
reduce the steam pressure. 


100. The most common type of valve is the globe 
valve. It is made with a globe-shaped body so as to give 
ample area for the passage of the fluid. Inside the valve is 
a partition with an opening at right angles to the valve 
stem. This opening has a seat either formed directly in the 
partition or secured to it by a screw joint. Over this open- 
ing is fitted a disk attached to a threaded spindle or stem; 
this passes through a hub or bonnet having a chamber 
around a part of the spindle to admit packing. A stuffing- 
box and gland, which adjusts the packing by forcing it into 
the stuffingbox, causing it to press tightly against the 
spindle, is fitted over the hub. ‘The bonnet is placed in an 
opening in the body of the valve, the joint being made in 
some cases by a screw thread and in others by a packed 
flange and bolts. ‘The disk is fitted carefully to the seat, so 
that the valve seat and disk form a tight joint when the 
spindle is screwed down. A wheel 
handle is generally used to screw 
the disk up and down. 


101. Since the disk of a valve 
becomes worn by the closing and 
opening, and from other causes, 
it is often necessary to regrind it 
to prevent leakage. Regrinding 
is a tedious operation, which is 
done away with by using a re- 
movable disk. Such disks con- 
sist either of a metal casing filled 
with vulcanized rubber, soft 
metal, or hard metal, or they are 
fiber washers. 


102. Fig. 67 shows a valve 
known to the trade as the Jen- 
kins ‘*‘ Diamond ” valve. This 
has a flat raised seat inside the body a of the valve and on 


FIG. 67 


Sam. PIPES AND FITTINGS 4 


the partition 6. The spindle c is fitted with a disk @, which 
is free to rotate and is confined longitudinally by means of 
a locking sleeve e. This disk @ has a recess into which is 
inserted a composition ring / made of rubber and vulcanized 
so as to stand a high temperature. It is secured in place 
by a nut and washer. The disk 1s pliable; it fits the raised 
seat and makes a tight joint. 


103. The Fairbanks valve is somewhat similar in con- 
struction to the Jenkins, except that a composition ring of 
asbestos and vulcanite is pressed into the ‘recess of the disk; 
when renewals are required, a complete new disk can be 
readily inserted, as the spindle is made with a shoulder a, 
Fig. 68 (a), fitting into a recess open on one side and on top 


FIG. 68 


of the disk, which is held in position by guides inserted in 
the body of the valve. This is a guick-repairing valve, as 
upon removing the hub @ the disk can be slipped off the 
spindle and a new one slipped on, as shown in Fig. 68 (8) ; 
hence, this valve is used Beene ely where repairs must be 
made without undue loss of time. 


48 PIPES AND FITTINGS § 22 


104, The O’Mera valve is made similar to the Fair- 
banks, except that the disk has corrugations in the recess 
where the composition ring is placed. 


105. The Crane copper disk valve is constructed 
similar to the Jenkins, with the exception that the disk is 
fitted with a double-faced cop- 
per ring a, Fig. 69, having an 
outer rib rounded on its face, 
which adjusts itself to the flat 
seat and forms a tight joint. 
The ring can be turned and 
used with the other edge to- 
ward the seat, should it become 
marred by grit or other causes. 
The holder is turned to form 
a tight joint at the top edge 
and sides of the copper disk. 
Softer metals have been used 
for disks of this kind, but 
have not provedas satisfactory 
as copper. 


106. The Eastwood tee 
valve is a type of screw-down 
valve having a barrel-shaped 
body with a partition similar 
to that of the globe valve. The spindle and upper section 
are similar in construction to that of the Jenkins valve, but 
the seat is made conical; the disk is of bronze and is made 
with a tapered and ground recess fitting over the beveled 
ground edge of the seat, thus forming a tight joint. The 
taper joint at the valve seat permits of a tighter contact 
between the disk and its seat than can be obtained in an 
ordinary flat-seated valve, assuming the same force to be 
applied to the spindle in each case. 


10%. Iron-body valves are made similar to brass-body 
valves, with the exception that the seat is separate ; the 


§ 22 PIPES AND FITTINGS 49 


seat is made of brass or hard metal secured to the iron body 
of the valve either by pressing it in or by a screw thread. 
The seat is usually faced true in place. The spindle box or 
hub is generally bolted to the body and packed with a gasket 
to form a tight joint. The stuffingbox is usually fitted with 
a gland having studs and nuts to compress the packing; a 
yoke is used to support the thread of the spindle. 


108. Fig. 70 shows, in section, an iron-body flanged 
angle valve with a globe body. It is made with the outlet a 
at right angles to the in- 
let d. The seat c is placed 
directly in the inlet of the 
valve and offers less resist- 
ance to the fluid than the 
seat of the ordinary globe = = 
Waive weltois) theretore: a ; 
good valve to use when the 
conditions will permit this; 
besides, it saves an elbow 
and sometimes a nipple, 
because it takes the place 
of an elbow. Owing to 
the long spindle, the disk 
is provided with a guide d 
that moves in a hole drilled 
through a spider ¢ cast in 
one piece with the brass 
seat. The hole in ¢ is con- 
centric with the valve seat, 
and the valve disk f is consequently guided straight to its 
seat. The valve shown in Fig. 70 is intended for high- 
pressure work, such as 250 pounds pressure or less, and is 


I 
GPXLAS 


tested to 800 pounds pressure by the manufacturer. 


109. The Y valve, shown in Fig. 71, is a form of valve 
that is similar in many respects to the globe valve, but 
offers less resistance to the flow of the liquid, as the seat @ 


f 1 pg an # : sy" 
at Hil eee 


50 PIPES AND FITTINGS § 22 


is set at an angle of about 45° with the run of the valve. It 
is really midway between a globe valve and a straightway 
or gate valve. It is often 
used as a blowoff valve. 
This style of valve, the 
same as globe and angle 
\ valves, can be had with 
the Fairbanks, Jenkins, 
or other construction of 
disk. 


110. The packing- 
less valve shown in 
Fig. 72 is a type of valve 
that has lately been 
placed on the market. 
It is made in the globe and angle patterns, either with a 
renewable double disk or 
with the Jenkins type of 
disk with renewable ring. 
A peculiar feature of this 
valve is that the packing 
around the valve stem is 
dispensed with, and that the 
valve disk does not turn. 


% 
| 
Z| | 
mt 
ji 


H 


The valve stem a is confined 
longitudinally by a collar 6 
and. “a, tity cc eeese at is 
formed within the hub d, and 
a hard rubber washer ¢ is 
fastened.to the lower end of 7 t — 
the collar 6 by a locknut. 
A brass collar f is grcund to Sa 

the upper end of the collar ~ | 
to form a tight joint, and is —— 
prevented from turning by 
two lugs entering corre- 
sponding grooves in the hub. It is thus seen that while the 


Fic. 72 


Property ef the Dep't of 
Municipal and Sanitary Engineering, 
University of llinsis, 


§ 22 POPES aN DVPIPT TINGS 51 


valve stem is left free to turn, it is confined longitudinally, 
anda steam-tight joint is made. The lower end of the valve 
stem is threaded to fit the socket, which has the valve disk 
at its lower end, the socket being movable longitudinally, 
but prevented from turning by two opposite guides entering 
corresponding slots in the upper collar of the socket. 

Packingless valves are very good for air-pressure or 
vacuum work, and are superior to the ordinary packed 
valves, since in the latter the joint between the valve stem 
and the hub is hard to make and keep air-tight. 


111. All the valves shown in Figs. 67 to 72 are known 
as compression, or screw-down, valves. | 


GATE VALVES 


112. Gate valves are straightway valves made either as 
single-gate valves, which only bear pressure on one side, 
and double-gate valves, which bear pressure on both 
sides. Many forms of double-gate 
valves are made, some of which 
close the opening in the run of the 
valve with a solid wedge; others 
close with a box wedge, and others 
with sectional gates having either 


parallel or wedge-shaped seats. 


113. The Jenkins gate valve, 
shown in Fig. 73, has a wedge- 
shaped body. An inclined guide 
a@ at one end forces the gate, or 
disit..0. to /its seat: c=when ‘the 
spindle is screwed down tight. 
The disk is loose on the spindle d, 
being made with a recess; a re- 
movable ring is secured to the 
diskwathes same’ -as* is, doné in 
globe and angle valves. This is 
a single-gate valve, bearing pressure only on one side. 


& OF ILE. Ls. 


52 PIPES AND FITTINGS § 22 


114. The Ludlow gate valve is made with a solid 
metal disk, and is a loose disk valve, the disk being forced 
against the seat by a double wedge at the back of the disk. 
As the disk is hung from the wedge, it is lifted away from 
the seat on opening and hence does not slide upon the seat. 
When it is closed, it fits against a seat on the valve, which 
is at right angles to the flow of the liquid. 


115. The Chapman valve, shown in Fig. 74, isa double- 
gate valve with a solid or cored disk a made tapering, which 
is machined flat on the sides and 
S === WN WN is guided by a slot 0 in each side 
i). of the disk fitting over a guide c 
at each side of the valve body; the 
disk seats against soft metallic 
rings d@, d, firmly embedded at 
each side of the opening in the © 
run and faced off to the same 
taper as the disk. The valve 
shown is an iron-body flanged gate 
valve. The lower end of the stem 
is threaded, and the disk travels 
on this thread, the stem being 
prevented from rising by the 
collar e. 


116. The Walworth gate 
valve is similar in construction 
to the Ludlow valve, except that the seat in the body of 
the valve is a screwed ring faced to match the face of the 
disk. The Fairbanks, the Kennedy, and many other gate 
valves are similar in shape and general mode of operation 
to those described, differing only in minor details. 


Fic. 74 


11%. Gate valves are used where but little resistance to 
the flow of the liquid is desired, and therefore are largely 
used on water and exhaust-steam connections. When they 
are used for steam, however, the seats should be made of 


§ 22 PIPES AND FITTINGS 53 


bronze to successfully stand the high temperatures. In all 
gate valves, the disks rise into the upper part of the body 
and bonnet to allow a straight passage for the liquid. The 
large sizes of gate valves are usually made witha yoke and 
outside screw, the spindle rising in a threaded hub at the 
top of the yoke. The rise of the spindle in this form of 
valve indicates whether the valve is open or closed. 


.s 


SPECIAL VALVES 


118. The elbow valve shown in Fig. 75 is a new type 
of valve used chiefly for blow-off connections from boilers, 
but can be used for.other purposes. It 
consists of.a screw-down valve with an in- 
ternally curved plug a having a soft-metal 
ring 6 aroundit. The spindle construc- 
tion is similar to that of the ordinary 
valve. The plug is guided in its travel 
by guides, not shown; they prevent its 
turning and keep the curved recess of | 
the plug in line with the outlet. 


119. Tee, or cross, valves are simi- 
lar to globe valves and angle valves in 
construction. The valve closes off one 
port.in) the tee.) the seat being placed 
in the inlet, like in the angle valve. 
They are used in some cases for mains, 
where a connection is brought into a 
main line, or for the steam-pipe connections on boilers. 


FIG. %5 


RADIATOR VALVES 


120. Radiator valves are constructed similar to globe, 
angle, and gate valves. To suit special conditions, they are 
made in different types, such as offset globe valves, offset angle 


d4 PIRES) ANDeETeTiInGs § 22 


valves, corner valves, and corner offset valves. ‘The principal 
distinguishing feature of radiator valves is that they are 
usually nickel plated, and that wooden handles are used 
instead of metal handles. The nickel-plated finish is applied 
for the sake of appearance, because radiator valves are always 
located in the rooms to be warmed. ‘The wooden wheel 
handles are used to prevent the hands being burned in oper- 
ating the valves. Radiator valves can also be had finished 
in plain rough brass, or with nickel-plated trimmings, or 
with finished and polished bodies. 


121. The angle valve is most commonly used for a 
radiator, because the steam pipe a, Fig. 76, usually comes 
up through the floor 
and connects to the 
end of the radiator, | 
as shown. ‘The con- 
nection is usually 
made with a ground 
coupling having a 
hexagon niteee 
The coupling tail ¢ 
is screwed into the 
radiator tapping, 
and the hexagon 
nut screws on to the 
valve. 


122. The cor- 
ner valve is made 
similar to the globe 
valve, except that the partition in the body is placed so as 
to allow the outlet of the valve to be made at the side of the 
globe body. Corner valves are used in places where direct 
connections with ordinary valves cannot be made. The 
offset globe valve is similar to the angle valve in general 
constructions, except that the outlet is in a line parallel 
with the inlet, but at a lower level. It is preferable to the 


Fic. 76 


§ 22 PIPES AND FITTINGS D9 


straightway globe valve in making radiator connections, 
because it admits of draining the radiator when open, which 
the ordinary globe valve will not do unless it is placed with 
the spindle horizontal. 


125. An offset corner valve is shown in Fig. 77. It 
is the same in construction as the offset globe valve, except 
that the inlet @ and outlet 0 are 
at right angles. It is really an 
offset angle valve with the outlet 
at an angle of 90° to the axis of 
the inlet seat at the lower level. 
The construction of the working 


parts is the same as that of any 
globe valve. Offset corner valves 
are made right hand or left hand 
tOeectiie the connection in. the 
radiator, and are listed by most 
makers. The corner valve with 
the inlet and outlet in the same 
plane is not made by many 
manufacturers. 


124. All’ the valves men- 
tioned in the previous articles can be obtained with special 
key handles, and also with a shielded stem that protects the 
square that the key fits, so that they cannot be moved with- 
out the key. These valves are useful in schools, asylums, 
etc., as unauthorized persons cannot meddle with them. 
They are also made with a ground union joint for connect- 


FIG. 77 


ing to the radiator, as shown in Fig. 77, which makes it 
easy to connect and disconnect the radiator without disturb- 
ing the pipe connections. 


125. The Universal radiator valve is a valve that has 
lately been placed on the market; it is the ordinary type of 
radiator valve of the angle pattern fitted with a ground 
joint union a, Fig. 78, on the bottom and connected to a 
sleeve 6, which allows adjustment to any angle in a hort- 


zontal plane. The sleeve is made with a female thread at 


56 


the opposite end t 


Fic. 78 


PIPES. AND FITTINGS 


§ 22 


o which the piping is connected. A 

disadvantage of this valve is that the 
joint is on the pressure side, and, there- 
fore, if the joint leaks the entire line 
of piping will have to be shut off before 
it can be reground. 


126. The Collis circulating valve 
is a valve by means of which a very 
neat and sightly job can be made of the 
radiator connections in a two-pipe sys- 
tem, as the steam and return pipes will 
be close together. The general con- 
struction is similar to that of the offset 
globe valve; the valve, as shown in 
Fig. 79, has an inlet a for the steam 
and an outlet 6 for the water of con- 


densation; the nipple c is connected to the radiator. The 


condensation is car- 
ried off by a separate 
pipe. By using this 
valve, the necessity 
ofS ha van ofetiwo 
valves to a radiator 
is done away with 
in two-pipe steam- 
heating systems, 
and the circulation 
in the heating sys- 
tem is not interfered 
with by closing the 
valve, which simply 
shuts off the steam 
fromthe. radiator: 
At the same time 
the filling of the 
radiator with water 
from the return pipe 


is obviated, which is likely to occur when a radiator with 


§ 22 PIPES AND FITTINGS 57 


separate steam and return valves is shut off by closing the 
steam valve only. 


12%. Radiator gate valves are similar to the gate valves 
before described, except that they have wooden wheels. 
The gate valve for connections to radiators. admits the 
steam ina straight line without the resistance offered by 
the other types of valves, allowing the water of condensa- 
tion to drain freely when used with one-pipe connection to 
the radiators, for which work it answers best when the con- 
nections are carried over the floor. They are finished in 
plain brass, or with nickeled trimmings, or nickeled all 
over, and in some cases are fitted with ground joint union 
connections. 


CHECK-VALVES 


128. Check-valves are valves that permit a fluid to 
pass through them in only one direction; they are designed 
so as to close automatically | 
whenever the flow of the fluid is 
reversed. Check-valves are made 
in different forms, such as ver- 
tical, horizontal, angle, and 
straightway, or swinging, check- 
valves. ‘The first is made with 
a globe-shaped body to allow a 
free passage for the fluid through 
mie. opening daa wthe seat. The 
partition has either a tapering or 
a flat seat; the disk is fitted with 
a stem that is supported by a 
guide, so as to keep it in line 
with the seat and prevent side Saal! 
motion. In the large sizes hav- Fic. 80 
ing an iron body, an opening giving access to the disk is 
placed in the side of the body and closed with a blind flange, 
shown at ain Fig. 80. The smaller sizes are made of brass 
and can be taken apart like a union. The horizontal 


58 PIPES “ANDREIT TINGS § 22 


check-valve has a body similar to that of a globe valve; the 


top opening is closed by a hollow c 


z | 


ap forming a guide for 
the short stem of the 
valve disk, the disk 
being ground to the 
seat; sometimes the 
disk is fitted with a 
removable washer. 
Fig. 81 shows the 
Powell check-valve, 
whose special feature 
is the extension @ to 
the guides 4, 6. Water 
flows through the 
check-valve’ 1n gtine 
direction shown, but 
cannot return ee 
angle check is similar 


in construction to Fig. 81, except that the body of the valve 
is the same as that of the ordinary angle valve, and, like the 


angle valve, it saves an elbow. 


129. The swing check-valve is made different from 
the globe check-valve; it has a more direct water passage, 


and “is; easier to ‘Open, 
Fig. 82 shows the Barn- 
ham swing check- 
valve. The disk @ is 
carried bya lever 4 that 
swings on a pivot ec. 
‘The? disk: fits ‘the déever 


arm loosely and is thus | 


allowed to rotate and 


seat itself ontheangular } 


partition of the valve. 
An advantage of this 
form of swing check is 


lh 


FIG. 82 


that an ordinary mechanic can reseat the valve by unscrewing 


§ 22 PIPESVAND FITTINGS 59 


the cap d@ and inserting a valve-facing tool. It also hasa 
removable disk, as shown. 


130. The lock cheeck-valve is a straightway valve that 
is a combination check-valve and stop-valve. It hasa swing 
check-valve that can be partially or entirely closed by a 
threaded spindle carrying a hand wheel. From this it fol- 
lows that the amount of fluid passing through the valve can 
be regulated by means of the adjusting spindle. 


131. Check-valves are very useful in steam-heating 
work, as they prevent a return of steam or water, which 
often happens when unequal pressures prevail in different 
pipes. They form a proper seal without offering much 
resistance. The best check-valves for return pipes are those 
that are as nearly self-draining as possible. The horizontal 
swing valves having a straightway passage should therefore 
be used. ‘The lift check with the globe body is not suitable 
for such work, because the partition in the body forms a 
pocket or trap. Vertical check-valves are occasionally used 
in making vertical connections to boilers, but are not rec- 
ommended, as it is very difficult to remove them when so 
placed. The horizontal swing checks can be used vertically, 
although this practice is not recommended. 


PIRES: AND FITTINGS 


EXAMINATION QUESTIONS 


(1) About what is the safe working pressure of standard 
wrought-iron pipe ? 

(2) For what class of work is extra-strong wrought-iron 
pipe used ? 

(3) Which class of boiler tubes do you consider best for 
use in stationary boilers? Give reason. 

(4) At what pressure is spiral riveted pipe tested ? 

(5) (a) Where is it advisable to use cast-iron pipe for 
steam work? (0) Also describe the usual method of con- 
necting the pipe. 

(6) Briefly describe the use of brass pipe in steam work. 

(7) Describe the distinguishing characteristic of a right- 
and-left elbow. 

(8) Describe the purpose of a division tee. 

(9) Describe the purpose of a manifold tee. 

(10) For what is an eccentric cross used ? 

(11) Explain the use of a floor and ceiling sleeve. 

(12).. Describe the distinguishing features of a gate valve. 

(13) State some of the advantages of the radiator valve 
shown in Fig. 79. 

(14) What class of check-valves is best adapted for use 


on return pipes? Give reasons. 
§ 22 


i 
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eck 

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